The Effect of Geoclimatic Factors on the Distribution of Paracoccidioidomycosis in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) varies in Latin America, and it is influenced by environmental factors. This study evaluated the distribution of PCM acute/subacute form (AF) cases and their correlation with geoclimatic factors in the Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) state. The study included 81 patients diagnosed with the PCM/AF at the University Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul between January 1980 and February 2022. Geographic coordinates, health microregion of patient's residence, compensated average temperature, relative air humidity (RH), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and average global temperature were analyzed. The highest incidence was observed in the Aquidauana (7/100,000 inhabitants), while Campo Grande, the state's capital, had the highest number (n = 34; 42.4%) and density (4.4 cases/km2) of cases. The number of cases increased during extended periods of the El Niño phenomenon. A positive correlation was found between higher RH and PCM/AF cases. Most PCM/AF cases were found in areas with loamy soils and RH ranging from 60.8 to 73.6%. In MS, the health microregions of PCM/AF patients are characterized by deforestation for agricultural and pasture use, coupled with loamy soils and specific climatic phenomena leading to higher soil humidity.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and incidence of sexually transmitted infections in Brazil, 2018 to 2022: An ecological study of PrEP administration, syphilis, and socioeconomic indicators.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is one of the pillars of a combination prevention strategy for reducing the risk of new infections caused by HIV. The daily use of antiretroviral drugs by individuals who are not infected with HIV is required to prevent infection. Although its efficacy has been well established in the literature, in recent years, the decreased supply of antiretroviral drugs has been associated with an increase in the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and changes in the social determinants of health. An ecological study was conducted covering a five-year period (2018-2022), starting from the year of initiation of PrEP administration in Brazilian state capitals. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Descriptive analysis was performed, and the spatial distribution of study data was taken into account. Correlation analysis was used to assess the association between PrEP administration, the incidence and detection rate of STI, and socioeconomic data. The southern region showed the highest incidence rates of STI, but the northern and northeastern regions demonstrated the worst socioeconomic indicators, especially those related to illiteracy and basic sanitation. PrEP administration was significantly correlated with illiteracy (ρ = -0.658), per capita income (ρ = 0.622), public garbage collection (ρ = 0.612), syphilis (ρ = 0.628) and viral hepatitis (ρ = 0.419) incidences. Further, all STI were significantly associated with illiteracy and per capita income. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings highlight the need to continue exploring PrEP use and rising syphilis rates. In terms of policy, PrEP administration appears to be inversely associated with regions of greater social vulnerability. Further efforts should focus on the social determinants and health needs of this population to improve access to PrEP and reduce social disparities.

Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Biomes in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

The state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is an important region of South America regarding leishmaniasis, with the great diversity of sandflies reported since 1938 and wide biodiversity represented by its biomes (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pantanal). A checklist of sandflies is presented here for the state and respective biomes. The data base was compiled from primary and secondary data. The primary data collection involved automatic light traps at Miranda-Abobral Pantanal subregion and in subregion Baixa Nhecolância of Pantanal. The secondary data were obtained from entomology scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1938 to 2019, including entomological museum collections. A total of 71 species were reported, belonging to 14 genera and 13 subgenera, in 61 municipalities of the state, including the type locality of 9 species, and the first report of Lutzomyia cruzi (Mangabeira 1938), vector of Leishmania infantum (Nicolle 1937), in the Pantanal region of Miranda-Abobral. Other vector species, Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira 1942), Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva 1912), Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho 1939), Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912), Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto 1926), and Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939), are reported in the entire area of the state. Maps containing the distribution of sandflies on Mato Grosso do Sul biomes were produced. The eclecticism of the species in relation to their ecotypes was observed, with several species using the three biome types as habitats and breeding sites.

Effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on human visceral leishmaniasis in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniases are considered a major public health problem in South America, specifically in Brazil. Moreover, the transmission and epidemiology of leishmaniasis are possibly associated with climatic and environmental variations. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the association between the extreme climatic phenomenon El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the maximum and minimum variations of temperature, precipitation, and soil moisture and the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, from 2002 to 2015. METHODS: The Niño 3.4 index was used for the ENSO variation. The other climatic data were obtained from the climatic tool TerraClimate. Records regarding VL were obtained from the Notification of Injury Information System. FINDINGS: From 2002 to 2015, there were 3,137 cases of VL recorded in MS. The annual incidence of the disease was negatively associated with the ENSO index and soil moisture in MS. The VL incidence increased during the negative phase of ENSO and decreased during the positive phase. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated that the interannual cycles of incidence of human VL are significantly associated with the occurrence of the ENSO phenomenon and its phases, El Niño and La Niña.

Synanthropy and diversity of Phlebotominae in an area of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in the South Pantanal floodplain, Midwest Brazil.

Phlebotomines have been recorded from a wide variety of habitats, and some of these vector species have shown preference for human environments, with high levels of adaptation. This study evaluated the degree of preference of these vectors for urban, rural, and forested environments (synanthropic behavior), as well as the diversity of these species, in three areas (forested, rural, and urban, exhibiting different degrees of anthropogenic changes) in a region of intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Corumbá county, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Using light traps, sand fly specimens were collected from the three environments simultaneously, from May 2015 to April 2017, totaling 7 213 sand flies of 14 species in eight genera. Nuorteva's synanthropy index was determined for the species Lutzomyia cruzi, Brumptomyia brumpti, Micropygomyia peresi, Lu. forattinii, Martinsmyia oliveirai and Evandromyia corumbaensis. Lutzomyia cruzi, the vector of Leishmania infantum in Corumbá, was the most abundant vector species, recorded from all three areas and sampling plots, on all 24 months investigated. This species exhibited the highest synanthropic index (+75.09), indicating a strong preference for urban environments. Brumptomyia brumpti, Micropygomyia peresi, Lu. forattinii, and Martinsmyia oliveirai showed preference, albeit not strong, for urban environments. Overall, males were more abundant than females (W = 490; p < 0.0001). High density, high synanthropic index, and sustained indoor presence were found for Mi. peresi in the rural area. Monitoring changes in the ecological behavior of sand flies is of vital importance, as these changes may indicate an increased likelihood of leishmaniasis emergence or reemergence.

Monthly Distribution of Phlebotomine Sand Flies, and Biotic and Abiotic Factors Related to Their Abundance, in an Urban Area to Which Visceral Leishmaniasis Is Endemic in Corumbá, Brazil.

The monthly distribution and abundance of sand flies are influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. The present study aimed to evaluate the seasonal distribution of sand flies and the relation between their abundance and environmental parameters, including vegetation and climate. This study was conducted over a 2-year period (April 2012 to March 2014). Monthly distribution was evaluated through the weekly deployment of CDC light traps in the peridomicile area of 5 residences in an urban area of the municipality of Corumbá in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Meteorological data were obtained from the Mato Grosso do Sul Center for Weather, Climate, and Water Resources. The spectral indices were calculated based on spatial resolution images (GeoEye) and the percentage of vegetal coverage. Differences in the abundance of sand flies among the collection sites were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the strength of correlations between environmental variables was determined by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficients. Lutzomyia cruzi, Lu. forattinii, and Evandromyia corumbaensis were the most frequently found species. Although no significant association was found among these sand fly species and the tested environmental variables (vegetation and climate), high population peaks were found during the rainy season, whereas low peaks were observed in the dry season. The monthly distribution of sand flies was primarily determined by Lu. cruzi, which accounted for 93.94% of the specimens collected each month throughout the experimental period. The fact that sand flies were detected year-round indicates a continuous risk of infection to humans, demonstrating the need for targeted management and education programs.

Inundation and Fire Shape the Structure of Riparian Forests in the Pantanal, Brazil.

Inundation and fire can affect the structure of riparian vegetation in wetlands. Our aim was to verify if there are differences in richness, abundance, basal area, composition and topographic preference of woody species in riparian forests related to the fire history, flooding duration, or the interaction between both. The study was conducted in the riparian forests of the Paraguay River some of which were burned three times between 2001 and 2011. We sampled trees with a girth of at least 5 cm at breast height in 150 5 × 10 m plots (79 burned and 71 unburned). We also measured height of the flood mark and estimated the flooding duration of each plot. We performed Generalized Linear Mixed Models to verify differences in richness, basal area, and abundance of individuals associated to interaction of fire and inundation. We used an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and indicator species analysis to identify differences in composition of species and the association with burned and unburned area according to different levels of inundation. Finally, we used a hierarchical set of Generalized Linear Models (GLM), the so-called HOF models, to analyse each species' specific response to inundation based on topography and to determine their preferred optimal topographic position for both burned as well as unburned areas. Richness was positively associated with elevation only in burned areas while abundance was negatively influenced by inundation only in burned areas. Basal area was negatively associated with time of inundation independent of fire history. There were 15 species which were significant indicators for at least one combination of the studied factors. We found nine species in burned areas and 15 in unburned areas, with response curves in HOF models along the inundation gradient. From these, five species shifted their optimal position along the inundation gradient in burned areas. The interaction of fire and inundation did not appear to affect the basal area, but it did affect the richness, number of individuals, success of some species, and seemed to shape the boundary of these forests as shown by the difference in the positioning of these species along the inundation gradient.

Uso de sensoriamento remoto na identificação de corredores ecológicos: estudo de caso da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Formoso, Bonito, MS / Remote sensing applied to the identification of ecological corridors: case study of Formoso River Basin, Bonito, MS

RESUMO Os corredores ecológicos são importantes estruturas ambientais com a finalidade de conservação e recuperação da biodiversidade em áreas degradadas, decorrentes do desenvolvimento humano desordenado, que favorece a fragmentação florestal e a perda da conectividade entre os diversos habitats naturais. Com a utilização do sensoriamento remoto e de sistemas de informações geográficas, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar áreas com potencial para corredores ecológicos por meio de uma técnica automatizada, o que reduz o caráter pessoal na interpretação visual da imagem. Assim, realizou-se uma análise da conexão entre as Unidades de Conservação presentes na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Formoso, Mato Grosso do Sul, mediante a identificação das Unidades de Conservação, das Áreas de Preservação Permanente e dos fragmentos florestais remanescentes. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise da cobertura do solo.

ABSTRACT The ecological corridors are important environmental structures for the biodiversity conservation and restoration in degraded areas, result of uncontrolled human development, which favors vegetal cover fragmentation and loss of connectivity between habitats. With the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems, this research aimed to identify areas with potential for ecological corridors through an automated technique, which reduces personal character in image interpretation. Therefore, a connectivity analysis between the conservation units present in the Formoso River Basin, Mato Grosso do Sul, was performed through identification of Conservation Units, Legally Protected Areas and remaining forest fragments. In addition, a land cover analysis was carried out.

Hemodialysis services: are public policies turned to guaranteeing the access?

The increasing incidence of chronic renal failure in Brazil and the consequential expansion of hemodialysis as a choice for treatment in final stage have to be taken into account to guarantee access to those in need. The ecological study conducted in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in 2012, using data from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) and from the analysis of medical records in 12 clinics, identified and mapped patients on hemodialysis, the distance they travelled and the estimated number of patients. The prevalence of hemodialysis patients in Mato Grosso do Sul State, about 55 per 100,000 inhabitants, is similar to the national average. The analyses indicated concentration of patients in counties with clinics and also geographical gaps that generate displacement of over 100km for more than 16% of patients. The results point to the necessity of strengthening public policies that consider, for decision-making, the decentralization of service, the expansion of home care and the follow-up education for professionals.

Hemodialysis services: are public policies turned to guaranteeing the access? / Serviços de hemodiálise: as políticas públicas estão voltadas à garantia do acesso? / Servicios de hemodiálisis: ¿las políticas públicas están dirigidas a garantizar el acceso?

The increasing incidence of chronic renal failure in Brazil and the consequential expansion of hemodialysis as a choice for treatment in final stage have to be taken into account to guarantee access to those in need. The ecological study conducted in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, in 2012, using data from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) and from the analysis of medical records in 12 clinics, identified and mapped patients on hemodialysis, the distance they travelled and the estimated number of patients. The prevalence of hemodialysis patients in Mato Grosso do Sul State, about 55 per 100,000 inhabitants, is similar to the national average. The analyses indicated concentration of patients in counties with clinics and also geographical gaps that generate displacement of over 100km for more than 16% of patients. The results point to the necessity of strengthening public policies that consider, for decision-making, the decentralization of service, the expansion of home care and the follow-up education for professionals.

A expansão da hemodiálise como escolha para o tratamento da insuficiência renal crônica em seu estágio final precisa ser organizada com garantia de acesso aos que dela necessitam. O estudo ecológico realizado no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, em 2012, mapeou geograficamente pacientes que realizam hemodiálise, as distâncias percorridas, o número estimado de doentes com base em bancos de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS) e análise dos prontuários nas 12 clínicas. A prevalência de pacientes em hemodiálise no estado assemelha-se à média nacional, com aproximadamente 55 pacientes para cada 100 mil habitantes. As análises indicam concentração de pacientes em municípios que possuem as clínicas e vazios geográficos que geram deslocamentos superiores a 100km para mais de 16% dos pacientes. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de fortalecer políticas públicas que considerem para a tomada de decisão: a desconcentração da oferta de serviços, a ampliação da oferta de procedimentos domiciliares e a educação permanente de profissionais.

Este trabajo trata sobre la expansión de la hemodiálisis, como una opción para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal crónica en su fase final, así como la necesidad de organizarse para garantizar el acceso a las personas necesitadas. Se realizó un estudio ecológico en Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, en 2012 con pacientes asignados geográficamente, en tratamiento de hemodiálisis; analizando distancias, número estimado de pacientes, a partir de bases de datos del Departamiento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS), y análisis de los registros de pacientes en 12 clínicas. La prevalencia de pacientes en hemodiálisis en el estado se asemeja a la media nacional, con aproximadamente 55 pacientes por cada 100.000 habitantes. El análisis indica la concentración de los pacientes en los municipios que tienen deficiencias clínicas y geográficas, que generan desplazamientos a más de 100km a un 16% de los pacientes. Los resultados sugieren la necesidad de fortalecer las políticas públicas, con el fin de que tengan en cuenta para la toma de decisiones, la descentralización de la prestación de servicios, la ampliación de la oferta de los procedimientos de la vivienda y la educación continua de los profesionales.

[Sexual violence against adolescents in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil]. / Violência sexual contra adolescentes em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of sexual violence against adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with spatial analysis, covering 172 reporting forms, from January 2009 to January 2013, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Data were grouped by neighborhood for spatial analysis. The statistical analysis was descriptive. RESULTS: Adolescents in situations of violence were mostly girls (94.8%) and white (37.8%). Domestic violence prevailed (51.7%) and with one perpetrator (66.9%). Pregnancy (8.7%) was one of the consequences. The cases were evenly distributed in the city without a preferential spatial pattern and regardless of social background. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the underreporting of sexual violence cases, the frequency and the individual and collective consequences of this are serious enough to make it a public health issue.

Violência sexual contra adolescentes em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul / Violencia sexual contra adolescentes en Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Sexual violence against adolescents in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a situação da violência sexual contra adolescentes. Métodos Estudo transversal com análise espacial, abrangendo 172 fichas de notificação, de janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2013, em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Para a análise espacial, os dados foram agrupados por bairro. A análise estatística dos dados foi descritiva. Resultados Os adolescentes em situação de violência foram majoritariamente meninas (94,8%) e de cor branca (37,8%). Predominou a violência intrafamiliar (51,7%) e com um perpetrador (66,9%). A gravidez (8,7%) foi uma das consequências. Os casos tiveram distribuição homogênea no município, sem padrão espacial preferencial e sem distinção de estrato social. Conclusões Apesar da subnotificação de casos de violência sexual, a frequência e as consequências individuais e coletivas desta são suficientemente graves para torná-la uma questão de saúde pública.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la situación de la violencia sexual contra adolescentes. Métodos Estudio transversal mediante análisis espacial abarcando 172 fichas de notificación de enero de 2009 a enero de 2013, en la ciudad de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Para el análisis espacial se reunieron los datos por barrios, con un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados Los adolescentes en situación de violencia eran en su mayor parte muchachas (un 94,8%) y blancas (un 37,8%). Predominó la violencia intrafamiliar (un 51,7%) y con un perpetrador (un 66,9%). El embarazo (un 8,7%) fue una de las consecuencias. Los casos tuvieron distribución homogénea en el municipio, sin un patrón espacial de preferencia o distinciones por estrato social. Conclusión Pese a la subnotificación de episodios de violencia sexual, la frecuencia y las consecuencias individuales y colectivas son lo suficientemente graves como para transformarla en una cuestión de salud pública.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the situation of sexual violence against adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study with spatial analysis, covering 172 reporting forms, from January 2009 to January 2013, in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Data were grouped by neighborhood for spatial analysis. The statistical analysis was descriptive. Results Adolescents in situations of violence were mostly girls (94.8%) and white (37.8%). Domestic violence prevailed (51.7%) and with one perpetrator (66.9%). Pregnancy (8.7%) was one of the consequences. The cases were evenly distributed in the city without a preferential spatial pattern and regardless of social background. Conclusions Despite the underreporting of sexual violence cases, the frequency and the individual and collective consequences of this are serious enough to make it a public health issue.

Spatiotemporal analysis of sandfly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis at Pantanal, central South America.

BACKGROUND: Environmental changes caused by urbanization can cause alterations in the ecology and behavior of sandflies and in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Geotechnological tools allow the analysis and recognition of spatiotemporal patterns by monitoring and mapping risk areas of this vector-borne disease. This study aims to describe the sandfly fauna in the municipality of Corumbá and to compare it with the data described in a three-year period from 1984 to 1986 by Galati. A further aim was to analyze the influence of environmental changes on the composition of the fauna. METHODS: Captures were conducted weekly from April 2012 to March 2013, in intra and peridomicile areas with automatic light traps, from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am. The following indices were calculated for both periods analyzed: Standardized Index of Species Abundance (SISA), Shannon's diversity index (H) and Pielou's index (J). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was extracted from a remote sensing LANDSAT-5 image. RESULTS: In total, 7,370 specimens (6,169 males and 1,201 females) were collected, distributed among 12 species. Lutzomyia cruzi was the most frequent species (93,79%) and the first in the ranking of standardized species abundance index in both studies. The dominance of the species Lu. cruzi in the neighborhoods of Maria Leite and Centro was demonstrated by the low equitability index. The neighborhood of Cristo Redentor had the greatest diversity of sandflies in the present study and the second greatest in the study performed by Galati et al. (Rev Saúde Pública 31:378-390, 1997). Analyzing the satellite images and the NDVI from 1984 and 2010, the largest amount of dense vegetation was found in the neighborhood of Cristo Redentor. CONCLUSIONS: It was, therefore, possible to show how changes caused due to urbanization have affected the density and distribution of Lu. cruzi and other species over time. Moreover, the data suggest that different populations of sandflies adapt in different ways according to environmental conditions and the adaptation does not necessarily depends on the presence of high vegetation cover.

Gravidez na adolescência: estudo ecológico nas microrregiões de saúde do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil – 2008* / Adolescent pregnancy: an ecological study in the health micro-regions of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil – 2008

Objetivo: descrever a proporção de nascidos vivos e a taxa de fecundidade de mães de 15 a 19 anos de idade e analisar sua correlação com indicadores socioeconômicos, nas microrregiões de saúde do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico com medidas agregadas por microrregião, calculadas a partir de (i) dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) para o ano de 2008 e de (ii) indicadores de desenvolvimento social e econômico. Resultados: do total de 40.867 nascidos vivos, 22 por cento eram de mães adolescentes; as taxas específicas de fecundidade (15 a 19 anos) variaram de 73 a 116 por mil habitantes, entre as microrregiões de saúde estudadas; verificou-se correlação significativa entre taxas específicas de fecundidade e índice de responsabilidade social (r=0,646; p=0,032) e analfabetismo funcional (r=0,7180; p=0,013). Conclusão: a fecundidade das mulheres adolescentes tende a ser maior nas microrregiões com piores indicadores de escolaridade e desenvolvimento socioeconômico.

Objective: to describe the proportion of live births and the fertility rate of mothers aged 15-19 years and correlation with socio-economic indicators in the health micro-regions of Mato Grosso do Sul State. Methods: an ecological study using indicators aggregated by micro-region, calculated based on 2008 data from the Live Birth Information System and regional indicators of social and economic development. Results: teenage mothers accounted for 22 per cent of the total of 40,867 live births. Specific fertility rates (15-19 age group) ranged from 73 to 116 per thousand inhabitants in the health micro-regions studied. There was significant correlation between specific fertility rates and Social Responsibility Index (r = 0.646 p = 0.032) and functional illiteracy (r = 0.7180 p = 0.013). Conclusion: female adolescent fertility tends to be higher in micro-regions with the worst education and socio-economic development indicators.

Análise da variação da cobertura do solo no Pantanal de 2003 a 2010 através de sensoriamento remoto / Analysis of landcover changes using remote sensing between 2003 and 2010 in the Pantanal region

O Pantanal é um dos ecossistemas mais ricos em biodiversidade do Brasil, estendendo-se pelos territórios de Mato Grosso e de Mato Grosso do Sul, além de pequenas porções da Bolívia e Paraguai. A compreensão desse sistema é muito importante, já que para preservar é necessário conhecer. Assim, através da utilização de imagens MODIS, objetivou-se estimar as diferenças de cobertura do solo do Pantanal entre os anos de 2003 e 2010, avaliando a capacidade dessas imagens na identificação das mudanças na cobertura do solo da região. O limite de Pantanal adotado foi adaptado de limites consagrados na literatura; o método utilizado para a classificação das imagens foi o da classificação automática não supervisionada. Como resultado foi identificada a diminuição da vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva e o aumento das áreas de gramíneas entre os anos de estudo.

The Pantanal is one of the richest Brazilian ecosystems in terms of biodiversity, extending into the territories of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as small portions of Bolivia and Paraguay. Understanding this system is very important because in order to preserve it is necessary to understand. Thus, using MODIS images, the present work aimed to estimate the differences in soil covering the Pantanal region between the years 2003 and 2010, evaluating the capacity of these images to identify changes in land cover. The Pantanal boundary used was adapted from boundary consecrated in the literature. The method used for image classification was the unsupervised automatic classification. As a result we identified a decrease in forest vegetation and an increase in grassland areas during the studied years.

Biotic factors and occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

The relationships between environmental exposure to risk agents and health conditions have been studied with the aid of remote sensing imagery, a tool particularly useful in the study of vegetation cover. This study aims to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the reported canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases at an urban area of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sandfly captures were performed in 13 residences that were selected by raffle considering four residences or collection station for buffer. These buffers were generated from the central house with about 50, 100 and 200 m from it in an endemic area of VL. The abundance of sandflies and human and canine cases were georreferenced using the GIS software PCI Geomatica. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage of land covered by vegetation were the environmental variables extracted from a remote sensing IKONOS-2 image. The average NDVI was considered as the complexity of habitat and the standard deviation as the heterogeneity of habitat. One thousand three hundred sixty-seven specimens were collected during the catch. We found a significant positive linear correlation between the abundance of sandflies and the percentage of vegetation cover and average NDVI. However, there was no significant association between habitat heterogeneity and the abundance of these flies.

Biotic factors and occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

The relationships between environmental exposure to risk agents and health conditions have been studied with the aid of remote sensing imagery, a tool particularly useful in the study of vegetation cover. This study aims to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the reported canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases at an urban area of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The sandfly captures were performed in 13 residences that were selected by raffle considering four residences or collection station for buffer. These buffers were generated from the central house with about 50, 100 and 200 m from it in an endemic area of VL. The abundance of sandflies and human and canine cases were georreferenced using the GIS software PCI Geomatica. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and percentage of land covered by vegetation were the environmental variables extracted from a remote sensing IKONOS-2 image. The average NDVI was considered as the complexity of habitat and the standard deviation as the heterogeneity of habitat. One thousand three hundred sixty-seven specimens were collected during the catch. We found a significant positive linear correlation between the abundance of sandflies and the percentage of vegetation cover and average NDVI. However, there was no significant association between habitat heterogeneity and the abundance of these flies.

O uso de geotecnologias na elaboração de mapas de ruído / The use of geotechnologies in the noise mapping

A elaboração de mapas de ruído com o apoio das geotecnologias é uma poderosa ferramenta para visualização e compreensão do comportamento do ruído em determinada área. Nesta pesquisa avaliaram-se os níveis de pressão sonora em uma região de aproximadamente 18 ha, composta por indústrias, residências, criação de animais e uma avenida movimentada no entorno do município de Campo Grande (MS). Efetuaram-se análises semivariográficas das amostras e os mapas de ruído foram desenvolvidos utilizando-se krigagem, que se mostrou adequada, desde que os dados coletados fossem representativos e os pontos de amostragem coerentes com a situação que se queria avaliar. Os mapas de ruído permitiram identificar as regiões mais críticas, as fontes e suas respectivas áreas de influência, além de verificar onde são ultrapassados os limites normativos de pressão sonora.

Geotechnologies application in noise mapping consists in a powerful tool to visualize and understand the sound distribution in a specific area. This research was done at the city of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in an area of approximately 18 ha, where there are industries, residences, animal breeding and an avenue. Sound level pressures were explored, semivariografic analysis were done and noise maps were developed using kriging, that demonstrated to be appropriated, since that the collected data were representative and the sampling points coherent with the situation that needed to be evaluated. The noise maps permitted to identify the most critical regions, the sources and their influence areas, as verify where the normative limit values for sound pressure exceed.

Qualidade do ar e transtornos respiratórios agudos em crianças / Air quality and acute respiratory disorders in children

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre poluição do ar e efeitos respiratórios agudos em crianças. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais realizado em unidades públicas de saúde, no município do Campo Grande-MS, Brasil, entre 01 de janeiro de 2004 a 31 de dezembro de 2007. Analisaram-se dados diários de O3 (ozônio) e, como variáveis de desfecho, 16.981 atendimentos pediátricos de emergência por sintomas respiratórios, incluindo-se, no modelo para controle, as variáveis referentes à tendência temporal; sazonalidade; temperatura mínima, média e máxima; umidade relativa do ar; precipitação e infecções respiratórias. Determinou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson das doenças respiratórias em função dos parâmetros climáticos para os anos 2004-2007. Resultados: Somente o O3 apresentou associação positiva e estatisticamente significativa, tanto com todos os atendimentos de emergência por queixas respiratórias, quanto com os atendimentos motivados por sintomas nas vias aéreas inferiores. As concentrações médias diárias de O3 não ultrapassaram os limites diários recomendados. Conclusão: Encontraram-se associações entre indicadores de poluição atmosférica e o número de atendimentos pediátricos de emergência, por motivos respiratórios, em Campo Grande, apesar de os níveis do poluente monitorado ozônio permanecerem abaixo dos limites recomendados, durante todo o período de estudo.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between air pollution and acute respiratory disorders in children. Methods: An ecological study of time series conducted in public health units in the city of Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2007. Daily data of O3 (ozone) were analyzed and, as outcome variables, 16,981 emergency pediatric consultations for respiratory symptoms; including in control model the variables related to time trend; seasonality; minimum, maximum and average temperature; relative humidity; rainfall and respiratory infections. We determined the Pearson correlation coefficient of respiratory diseases in relation to climatic parameters for the years 2004-2007. Results: Only O3 had a positive and statistically significant association, both with all emergency care attendances for respiratory complaints, as with these due to symptoms in lower airways.The daily average concentrations of O3 did not exceed the recommended daily limits. Conclusion: We found associations between air pollution and the number of emergency pediatric consultations for respiratory causes in Campo Grande, although the levels of monitored pollutant ozone remained below recommended levels throughout the study period.

[The practice of physical activity in the campus of Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS)]. / A prática de atividade física na cidade universitária da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).

The implementation and strengthening of initiatives on physical activity and health are needed to guide and propose body practice in a conscious and autonomous way. Given the relevance of the investigation of places to the practice of physical activity in the development of public policies and practices of intervention, it is necessary knowledge about where and how this activity is developed, and the characteristics of the people interested. The objective of this study was characterize practitioners of physical activity in the Campus of Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS); identifying ways and reasons that led these people to seek for that space and the importance of vocational guidance for the practice. Data was collected by observation and interview with 75 people in November 2006. The results indicated that most were men, adults, practiced mostly to walk without professional guidance. It is hoped that studies is encouraging the development of projects in recognition of where and how physical activity is developed and characteristics of who the search. This information can collaborate to interpretations based, interventions and initiatives in public policy, as they may drive development of programs to encourage physical activity, such as municipal Atlas of Sports, in operation.